Cold stress in plants: Strategies to improve cold tolerance in forage species

Cold stress (CS) affects the survivability, geographical distribution, and yield stability of crops. Suitable management agronomic practices can minimize crop losses associated with cooler environments. However, alone can't support plants adequately to withstand harsh cold. Therefore, exploring cold stress-responsive factors such as genetic, epigenetic, physiological, cellular is crucial. This report discusses on effect, signal perception, transduction, gene expression, molecular phenomena in plants. Three acclimation response pathways: Ca2+ mediated ICE1- CBF/ DREB1, hormonal, reactive oxygen species (ROS), are elucidated. Also, this summarizes latest research work genetics genomics forage from perspectives tolerance improvement. In several instances, our hypotheses have been supported by a recent output genetic analysis experiment alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) tolerance. We further review importance high-throughput phenomics for improvement recommended implementing widely recognized techniques genomic selection (GS) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) develop climate-resilient cultivars. The transgenics genome-edited cold-tolerant cultivars low or no penalty must be goals future research.